多元智能是甚麼？What is multiple-intellecgence?

著名心理學家、哈佛大學教授Howard Gardner在20世紀80年代提出了多元智能理論。 根據Professor Gardner的說法，智力不是單一的、整體的結構，而是一組以不同程度存在於每個人身上的不同能力或智力。

(Source: Harvard University)

他確定了八種智力類型，每一種都與不同的能力和技能相關。 這八種類型的智能是語言、邏輯-數學、空間、身體-運動、音樂、人際關係、內省和自然主義。

那麼八種智能有什麼特別之處呢？

1. 語言智能：

這種智能與口頭和語言技能有關，例如閱讀、寫作、口語和聽力。 語言智能強的人善於表 達自己，並能有效地與他人交流。

2. 邏輯數學智能：

這種智能涉及邏輯和分析思維、解決問題和數學推理。 邏輯-數學智能強的人善於解決複雜 的問題，往往在數學、科學、工程等領域都很擅長。

3. 空間智能：

這種智能與空間意識、可視化以及在三維空間中通過心理操作物體的能力有關。 具有強大 空間智能的人擅長將想法可視化、閱讀地圖以及創建或理解信息的視覺表示。

4. 身體運動智能：

這種智能與身體協調、控制和靈活性有關。 身體運動智能強的人擅長運動、舞蹈或表演藝 術等體育活動。

5. 音樂智能：

這種智能與音樂技能有關，例如識別和創作音樂、唱歌或演奏樂器。 音樂智力強的人，具 有與生俱來的音樂天賦，往往在作曲、指揮、表演等領域頗有造詣。

6. 人際交往智能：

這種智能與社交技巧、同理心和理解他人有關。 人際交往智能強的人善於與他人溝通、建 立關係和有效協作。

7. 內省智能：

這種智能與自我意識、內省和了解自己有關。 內省智能強的人善於反思自己的想法和感. 受，對自己的動機和目標有深刻的認識。

8. 自然智能：

這種智能與對自然世界的理解和欣賞有關。 自然主義智力強的人擅長對物體進行識別和分 類，通常對自然、動物或環境問題充滿熱情。

這八種智力並不相互排斥，人們對每種智力的熟練程度可能不同。 通過理解和認識不同類型的智力，我們可以更好地調整我們的學習和教學方法，以適應不同的學習風格和能力。

通過認識到人具有不同的長處和能力，加德納的多元智能理論徹底改變了教育，並幫助教師和教育工作者調整他們的教學方法和策略，以更好地滿足學習者個體的需求。

在本世紀，我們相信不僅是教育工作者和教師，父母亦在培養我們的下一代方面發揮重要的作用。

Howard Gardner, a renowned psychologist and professor at Harvard University, proposed a theory of multiple intelligences in the 1980s. According to Professor Gardner, intelligence is not a single, monolithic construct, but rather a set of different abilities or intelligences that are present in varying degrees in each individual.

Gardner identified eight types of intelligence, each of which is associated with different abilities and skills. These eight types of intelligence are linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

So what is so special with the eight types of intelligence?

As proposed by Howard Gardner:

1. Linguistic Intelligence:

This intelligence is associated with verbal and linguistic skills, such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening. People with strong linguistic intelligence are good at expressing themselves and communicating with others effectively.

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence:

This intelligence involves logical and analytical thinking, problem-solving, and mathematical reasoning. People with strong logical-mathematical intelligence are good at solving complex problems and are often skilled in fields such as mathematics, science, and engineering.

3. Spatial Intelligence:

This intelligence is related to spatial awareness, visualization, and the ability to mentally manipulate objects in three-dimensional space. People with strong spatial intelligence are good at visualizing ideas, reading maps, and creating or understanding visual representations of information.

4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence:

This intelligence is related to physical coordination, control, and dexterity. People with strong bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are good at physical activities such as sports, dance, or performing arts.

5. Musical Intelligence:

This intelligence is related to musical skills, such as recognizing and creating music, singing, or playing an instrument. People with strong musical intelligence have a natural talent for music and are often skilled in fields such as composing, conducting, or performing.

6. Interpersonal Intelligence:

This intelligence is related to social skills, empathy, and understanding others. People with strong interpersonal intelligence are good at communicating with others, building relationships, and collaborating effectively.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence:

This intelligence is related to self-awareness, introspection, and understanding oneself. People with strong intrapersonal intelligence are good at reflecting on their own thoughts and feelings, and have a deep understanding of their own motivations and goals.

8. Naturalistic Intelligence:

This intelligence is related to an understanding and appreciation of the natural world. People with strong naturalistic intelligence are good at recognizing and categorizing objects, and often have a passion for nature, animals, or environmental issues.

These eight types of intelligence are not mutually exclusive and people may have varying levels of proficiency in each type of intelligence.

By understanding and recognizing the different types of intelligence, we can better tailor our learning and teaching methods to accommodate different learning styles and abilities.

Recognising that people have different strengths and abilities, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has revolutionized education and has helped teachers and educators to tailor their teaching methods and strategies to better suit the needs of individual learners.

In the current century, we believe that not only educators and teachers, but also parents have played a significant role in nurturing our next generation.

(Image source: Harvard University)